What does the protein content in cows' milk have in common with human IQ? Both variables have approximately normal distributions. The normal distribution is a good model for measurements of many kinds ...

The birth mass function of neutron stars Neutron star scientists must thoroughly understand their birth mass function (BMF) to explain their creation mechanisms. The BMF explains the distribution ...

A probability mass function that predicts the energy production of a group of light-collecting surfaces, such as solar photovoltaic (PV) systems, installed in rough geometries, such as urban areas, is ...

This theory addresses inconsistencies in black hole to stellar mass ratios and initial mass functions, suggesting that the universe may have formed more stars than previously estimated.

A random variable is one whose value is unknown or one that's assigned a random value based on a data-generating process or mathematical function. Random variables produce probability ...

On a certain track team, the runners all take between 4 and 7 minutes to finish a mile. Suppose the probability density function for the length of time it takes a ...

This monograph presents recent developments in quantum field theory at finite temperature. By using Lie groups, ideas from thermal theory are considered with concepts of symmetry, allowing for ...

Numerous other aspects are treated on the way, thus providing the reader an instructive overview over diverse quantum mechanical phenomena, e.g. many other potentials, Green's functions, comparison ...