By measuring the angles and spins of these ejected electrons, scientists can reconstruct the shapes of their wave functions ...

There are three isotopes of hydrogen: hydrogen, deuterium (hydrogen-2) and tritium (hydrogen-3): if the atom loses one or more electrons, it becomes a positively-charged ion if the atom gains one ...

"These electrons gain energy from the interaction between Io and Jupiter's magnetic field," said Dr. Robert Ebert, lead author of the paper. "These energized electrons then interact with Io's ...