Plant growth is restricted when ... Aluminum (Al) and sodium (Na) are sometimes included even though they are not essential elements. Aluminum can be toxic in acid soils, and sodium improves the ...

Each of these elements has a specific function in plant growth and development. If one or more of these nutrients are present in excessive amounts, toxicity or a nutrient imbalance can occur. Or if ...

toxic elements may enter the food web via these nutrient uptake systems, causing reduced uptake of the essential nutrient and significantly reduced plant growth and quality. In order to maintain ...