Thus, the liability of the tractor/its insurer extended to the accident caused by the tractor resulting in the death of the deceased, through the trailer. This being the position in the present case, ...

On a conspectus of the aforementioned authorities, it is evident that a clause for the forfeiture of earnest money is not penal in the ordinary sense, rendering Section 74 of the 1872 Act, ...

The Fundamental Rights in India are enshrined in Part III of the Constitution, covering Articles 12 to 35. These rights are considered essential for the development of every individual and for ...

The climate of fear and impunity created by AFSPA undermines democratic participation, silences dissent, and erodes trust between Indigenous communities and the state. The militarization of Indigenous ...

International Norms: The Declaration has influenced international treaties, regional charters (like the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights), and global conferences, including the Vienna ...

Article 37: It states that the Directive Principles are non-justiciable. Nevertheless, Article 37 itself says that these principles are fundamental in the governance of the country and it shall be the ...

The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) is a key multilateral treaty adopted by the United Nations General Assembly on December 16, 1966, and entered into force on ...

In summary, the Supreme Court in People's Union for Democratic Rights vs. State of Bihar (1986) ruled against the unlawful police firing on peaceful peasants, affirming the constitutional rights to ...

Judicial activism has expanded the scope of judicial review to include social and economic justice, making the Constitution a living document responsive to societal needs. · Golaknath & Ors vs State ...

Committees like the Malimath and Madhav Menon Committees have recommended statutory frameworks for sentencing. Adoption of alternative sanctions and a victim-centric approach are suggested to improve ...

Judicial activism is evident in landmark judgments such as the expansion of Article 21 (right to life and personal liberty) to include the "due process of law," not just "procedure established by law, ...

Maharashtra’s law keeps an eye on repeat offenders, can restrict their movement, send them for reform, and gives extra punishment if they break rules or are caught acting suspiciously.