Although a movement toward Mexican independence had already been in progress since ... His actions irritated the Spanish viceroy who, as a punitive measure, cut down Hidalgo's trees and vines. Hidalgo ...

Unlike the Ten Years' War, the Cuban Independence Movement of the 1890s ... including maps and information about the Spanish officers. Marti (1853-1895), a Cuban émigré who organized the ...

A Spanish colony since the 15 th century ... recognized the primary reason for the failure of the First War of Independence: ...

Cespedes proclaimed independence ... the rebel leaders and Spanish government signed the Pact of Zanjon which officially ended what became known as the Ten Years' War. Although the Ten Years ...