The concept behind an integrated chip is relatively simple: an entire electrical circuit with numerous transistors, wires, and other electrical devices all built into a single square of silicon.

So, scientists wanted to make a whole circuit -- the transistors, the wires, everything else they ... a whole circuit could be made on a single chip. While Kilby had hammered out the details ...

The pedagogical model of the integrated circuit goes something like this: take a silicone wafer, etch out a few wells, dope some of the silicon with phosphorous, mask some of the chip off ...

Characterizing the bare chip before packaging expedites ... which doesn’t use probing, wire bonding, or soldering, minimizes parasitics in the test circuit and produces clean measurement ...