Historically, factory jobs were low paying and grueling. In fact, manufacturing flourished times of economic despair.

In the last half of the 19th ... America's frontier saw new towns spring up along ever-expanding railway lines. A technological revolution had taken hold in the country's cities, with new ...

Indeed, immigrants came to America seeking land that they could farm. But throughout the nineteenth century ... farmers found jobs in Baltimore factories. The cities grew at a fabulous pace ...

But by the end of the 19th century, the industrial social-economic order that tariffs helped foster were quite different from ...

1827 fusion of art and cartography, A Bird's Eye View of Niagara Falls, likely struck 19th-century viewers as highly imaginative. Private Collection / Smithsonian American Art Museum At the start ...

They left behind broken cities and devastated ... Indeed, early American industrial work was demanding, dull, and dangerous. Massachusetts’s early-19th century factories kept workers at their ...